International Institutions and Realism

Becky, Tam Hing Lui Prof. Chan Ding GPEC 5002 Challenges to the Global System: Insecurity of the World 17 November 2012 HOW CAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FACILITATE COOPERATION? WHAT WOULD A REALIST SAY ABOUT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS? Countries call for participation particularly during and after emergency. One model was the Bretton Wood framework made in 1944, with the reason to restore the worldwide economy after the genuine harm in WWII. After the 2008 money related emergency, countries again requested progressively worldwide guidelines and checking on the worldwide monetary framework and proposed the â€Å"Bretton Wood II†.When we step back and reconsider, does the universal system encourage participation between countries to unravel worldwide issues? The school of Liberalism puts more accentuation on the job of worldwide establishments. Robert Keohane characterized establishments as â€Å"persistent and associated sets of rules, both formal and casual, that endorse co nduct jobs, compel movement, and shape expectations† (1). By definition, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, World Trade Organization (WTO) are formal foundation while Bretton Wood Agreement, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are informal.Under the political agitation condition in the universal stage, it is conceivable to encourage collaboration through the foundation of global associations by two explicit highlights: Centralization and Independence (2). It is the autonomy and nonpartisan attribute of the universal associations that upgrade the authenticity of its activities, causing states ready to assemble and approve the worldwide associations to bring together the exercises and at last accomplish collaboration. This decreases exchange expenses and increment efficiency.Institutions arrange exercises including setting up discussions and gatherings, overseeing considerable tasks, standard elaboration, unbiased data supplier, going about as trustee/autho rity, mediation and requirement (2). We have distinguished 5 mark global foundations (IMF, World Bank, Bretton Wood System, GATT, WTO) as models underneath to represent how the lead of the previously mentioned exercises through the universal associations encourage collaboration in the advanced history. (I) IMF, World Bank, the Bretton Wood System and GATTBoth IMF and World Bank were set up since the Bretton Wood framework started. After WWII, nations experienced poor economy as worldwide creation and exchange were hosed during the war time frame. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, nations endeavored to support their bombing economies by strongly raising hindrances to remote exchange, depreciating their monetary forms to go up against one another for send out business sectors, and shortening their residents' opportunity to hold outside trade. These endeavors end up being foolish. World exchange declined forcefully, and work and expectations for everyday comforts plunged in num erous nations (3).There was solid regular enthusiasm among the states to support up the economy. To encourage exchange and creation, a stable money related framework is fundamental and this is the place the Bretton Wood framework started. The US started to lead the pack to balance out the universal money related framework by pegging USD into gold at a fixed rate (USD35/ounce of gold) while the staying 44 nations consented to keep their trade rates pegged to USD at rates that could be balanced uniquely to address a â€Å"fundamental disequilibrium† to be decided of installments, and just with the IMF's agreement.The IMF in this manner turned into the autonomous freeing house from the parity of installments and to guarantee the conversion scale component filled in as indicated. Global Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), presently the World Bank Group guarantee private credits to animate economy. Both the associations acquired the authenticity from their autonomy and nonpartisanship subsequently had the option to deal with the meaningful activities between states productively and successfully. Individuals in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) concurred on decrease in levies and exchange hindrances among members.The GATT, in contrast to the IMF and World Bank, was not an autonomous association yet rather a discussion inside which nations met. This gives a stage to elites to arrange and agree and dodge clashes and antagonistic rivalry. With the GATT adjusts held somewhere in the range of 1947 and 1967, most obstructions have been evacuated and duties have been the least. With the Bretton Wood structure set up alongside the recently settled universal establishments which give free market, long haul capital and stable money related framework, worldwide exchange and creation detonated during the period.Over the initial 25 after war years, the volume of world exchange multiplied at regular intervals (4). This has been demonstrated as a fru itful universal participation in the cutting edge history. (II) World Trade Organization (WTO) Established under the Marrakech Agreement in 1995, the Geneva based WTO supplanted GATT as the focal point of world exchange framework. Its center standards are to advance market progression, non-segregation and give lawful structure to universal exchange. Same as GATT, it gives gathering to exchange arrangements and manages exchange agreements.In expansion, WTO likewise supplies system through which governments may resolve exchange debates, audit and proliferate the national exchange approaches, give helpful information and data, and to guarantee the intelligence and straightforwardness of exchange strategies through observation worldwide monetary strategy making. The Decision making process is straightforward, rules based and individuals driven. Every part government has one vote. WTO individuals have concurred that, in the event that they accept individual individuals are abusing exchan ge rules, they will utilize the multilateral arrangement of settling questions as opposed to making a move unilaterally.The Dispute Settlement Board comprises of the Appellate Body, the WTO Secretariat, authorities, autonomous specialists and a few particular establishments (WTO site). As per WTO information, world product trades worth over $5 trillion out of 1998. In genuine terms, that speaks to a 18-overlap increment more than 1948. Fares of makes were multiple times bigger than 50 years sooner. Over a similar period, world yield grew 8-crease, and world creation of makes 10-overlay. It is the free and reasonable dynamic procedure and the unbiased contest settlement component given the authenticity of WTO to pull in members.The observing job and debate settlement instrument permit states to defeat â€Å"market failures† in global relations. Henceforth WTO can completely play out its capacities to encourage participation so as to advance exchange. From the above models, uni versal foundations while keeping up freedom and nonpartisanship, advance states collaboration and accomplish destinations by expanding the effectiveness of aggregate exercises, diminishing clashes, encouraging interchanges and exchange and usage of understandings. Pragmatist a had diverse understanding in the job of these universal institutions.Traditional pragmatists perceive that foundations are a crucial piece of the scene of world legislative issues. Customary authenticity evaluate the adequacy of establishments in 2 different ways (5): [A] Institution as devices of strengthening empower hagemon to control others and to oversee provincial and world undertakings more successfully and productively than would be conceivable in their nonappearance. [B] Institution as requirement, for example, level of influence governmental issues and Concert tact control and direct Great Power conduct as per the built up rules of the game. We will proceed with the case of 1944 Bretton Wood System t o delineate the over 2 focuses below.Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, the designer of the Bretton Wood System, was disillusioned by the last development of the Bretton Woods foundations, for Keynes accepted that the government officials were debasing the first thoughts. The last plan ensured prevalence of the US because of different reasons remembering accentuation for USD by connecting all monetary standards to USD, strength of US power in the weighted rate vote in IMF. Notwithstanding, this is unavoidable in the real factors of intensity governmental issues as US was the loan specialist while rest of the world were the borrower and US was the main superpower at that time.This clarified the point An over that the hagemon (US) strength to control others and ready to deal with the worldwide exchange and fiscal framework all the more viably and productively by placing the states into the Bretton Wood understanding and foundation of the organizations. The US and different st ates were compelled inside the understanding and checking by the organizations as portrayed in the above point B. While US obliged different states by the ensured transcendence in the framework, US simultaneously was compelled by losing its opportunity on residential strategy as USD is pegged at a fixed rate to gold.Neorealists will in general minimize the job of organizations on participation. John Mearsheimer portrayed universal establishment as â€Å"a set of decides that specify the manners by which states ought to collaborate and contend with one another† and cases that foundations â€Å"matter just on the margins† and â€Å"have negligible effect on state behavior† (6). Auxiliary pragmatists in the Waltzian vein additionally gave little consideration to universal establishments. Neorealists contend that organization cause states to carry on in manners they in any case would not act, for instance prior present moment, personal circumstance for long haul net work objectives (Jervis 1983).In complexity, neoliberals guarantee that foundations matter since they empower states to do things they in any case couldn't do, that is, accomplish shared increases from participation. Neorealists conceptualize foundations as imperatives on state conduct; neoliberals consider them to be empowering states to reach commonly advantageous, agreeable results. Neorealists accentuation on relative increase

Gift Ideas for Siblings When Youre in College

Blessing Ideas for Siblings When Youre in College At the point when you were at home, your sibling or potentially sister may have driven you up the divider. Or on the other hand, then again, you may have been unfathomably close with your sibling(s). In any case, finding the ideal present for a kin can be a test particularly when youre working with an understudies spending plan. So how might you discover a blessing that gives you care without breaking your financial balance? Luckily, family blessings consider somewhat more innovativeness than, state, presents for your chief. With a little pre-arranging, your kin blessing can be one your sibling or sister appreciates for quite a while. Something From Your Campus Gift Shop You may see sweatshirts, shirts, and running shorts with your school name and logo throughout the day, consistently. Be that as it may, your kin back home doesnt. Consider discovering a loot from your grounds blessing shop that you know your sibling or sister will simply venerate. In the case of nothing else, it allows them to gloat about what school you go to when individuals get some information about their attire! (Furthermore, if a sweatshirt or shirt isnt in your spending plan, think about something less expensive, similar to a keychain.) Something Youve Learned About at College that They Might Also Like Is it true that you are both science nerds? Get that new account of a popular scientist that you think sounds truly cool. Do you both love to compose verse? Head to the grounds writers area of your grounds book shop to check whether any of your educators have distributed verse assortments as of late. (Special reward: You can request that your educator signature your duplicate!) Welcome Them for the Weekend On the off chance that you miss investing energy with your sibling or sister, dont hold up until you head home to see them; give them the endowment of an end of the week with you nearby. You can utilize your supper intend to get them breakfast, lunch, and supper while giving them all the fun and astounding pieces of your school life. (In the event that youre remaining in a living arrangement corridor, in any case, simply ensure its alright to have somebody who may be under 18 remain with you.) Things that Helped You Prepare for College On the off chance that your more youthful sibling or sister is anticipating going to school soon, as well, consider giving them the things that helped you the most. Were there books that helped you modify? Sites that clarified things you were too hesitant to even consider asking about? Prep. books that helped you pro things like the SAT? Set up an assortment of things you discovered generally important as a blessing that your more youthful kin will without a doubt discover significant, as well. Time Doing Things Together Regardless of whether you get up to speed on the web and on the telephone, it very well may be difficult to be away from a kin with whom youre genuinely close. Regardless of whether neither of you have a lot of cash, there are things you can do to get to know each other. Think about going for a climb, walk, or run; going seasonal looking for your folks; or in any event, chipping in together. Transform the time into your blessing to your kin by introducing an uncommon welcome in an envelope and offering to treat for something fun while youre out, similar to espressos Slurpees from your preferred comfort store. Now and again, its the easily overlooked details that mean the most! Something that Reminds You Both of Growing Up Together ​A parcel of treats shops offer decade-based boxes of sweets that bring back the treats you grew up with. Furthermore, you can assemble an assortment of your preferred films or Saturday morning kid's shows that you used to observe together when you were more youthful. Indeed, even a senseless toy that you both pined for even one that is viewed as overly old and out of date presently can make an extraordinary blessing. Recall the things you both valued the most as you grew up and see what you can do to reproduce something comparable for an extraordinary present.

How ADHD Can Affect Peer Relationships

How ADHD Can Affect Peer Relationships ADHD School Print How ADHD Can Affect Peer Relationships Ways ADHD Related Difficulties Can Affect Social Behaviors By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 19, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Wan Mohd Saifudin W Ibrahim / EyeEm / Getty Images Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often experience problems in their relationships with peers. As a parent, it can be very difficult to see your child struggle to make and keep friends. You may find that your son or daughter is not receiving invitations to birthday parties of classmates and is seldom asked for play dates or sleepovers. For your child, this rejection and isolation can be doubly painful over time. In order for friendships to grow and be maintained, a child must be able to control impulses, take turns, cooperate, share, listen, be empathetic, attentive and focused, communicate effectively with others, be aware of and respond to social cues, and have an ability to problem-solve situations and resolve conflicts as they ariseâ€"all skill areas that can be challenging for a child with ADHD. How ADHD Related Difficulties Affect Social Behaviors Children with ADHD often interact in ways that can provoke negative reactions from peers. Some may try to dominate play or engage in ways that are too aggressive, demanding, and intrusive. They may have trouble joining in with peers in the things their peers like to do. Instead, they may want to make their own set of rules, or engage in bossy, unfair or non-compliant ways, and generally may have a hard time knowing how to cooperate with other kids the same age. Many kids with ADHD have a hard time picking up on and reading social cues. Others may become bored easily, get distracted and check out on friends. Problems with attention and self-control can interfere with opportunities to acquire social skills through observational learning. Many kids with ADHD also have a hard time managing difficult feelings and can very quickly become overwhelmed, frustrated, and emotionally reactive. Impulsive reactions, hyperactive, or distracted behaviors may be viewed as not only frustrating and irritating, but also as insensitive to the needs of others, and so the child is further avoided and rejected and deemed less and less likable within the group. Skills Learned From Peer Groups Experiences and relationships within a peer group can have a profound effect on a childs development. Through these connections, a child learns how to have reciprocal friendships and how to make and maintain healthy relationships with others. Through peer groups, a child learns the rules and skills of social exchange including cooperation, negotiation, and conflict resolution. Unfortunately, symptoms of ADHD can impair a childs ability to observe, understand, and respond to his or her social environment. Because of difficulties with self-control, many kids with ADHD tend to react without thinking through the consequences of their behavior or of the impact their behavior can have on others around them. In addition, they can have a hard time learning from past experiences. This disruptive or insensitive behavior is often viewed as purposeful and deliberate; as a result, the child with ADHD may be labeled as a troublemaker and be further avoided and quickly rejected by the wider group. Once stuck with such a label, it can become even more difficult for the child to overcome this negative reputation and connect positively with peers even as he or she begins to make positive changes in social skills. Some kids with ADHD isolate themselves because of repeated failures in friendships, feelings of wariness and reticence with others, and plummeting feelings of self-confidence. Problems are then compounded because when children avoid or disengage from others, they no longer have opportunities to learn adaptive skills, and as a result, they develop ever lower peer competencies. These deficits in social skills can certainly take a toll and have a negative effect on a child as he or she grows and moves into adolescence and adulthood. A Word From Verywell If your child is struggling with peer relationships, know that it is important that you target peer problems directly and over the long term. The good news is that you can help your child develop these social skills and competencies. Being aware of the social difficulties that can be associated with ADHD and understanding how your childs own ADHD is negatively impacting his or her relationships is the first step. With this information, you can then begin to move forward in a solution-focused way to help your child develop positive social and friendship skills.

Overview of The Hundred Years War

Different Study Designs When Investigating Cognitive And...

1. There are various advantages and disadvantages of different study designs when investigating cognitive and neural ageing using neuroimaging. Several theories of cognitive ageing have been based on cross-sectional designs where there is a common understanding that multifarious age studies can lead to a better understanding of the propinquity among age-related processes (Hofer, Sliwinski and Flaherty, 2002). This method is proven to be cost effective, renders quick results, and is the best way to determine prevalence and identifying associations within a group (Mann, 2003). However, Salthouse (2009) pointed out that comparisons of people of different ages at a particular time does not necessarily express changes that will arise within an individual as he ages. He explained that confounding factors, such as maturation, which refers to the person growing older and undergoing different experiences and influences, must be determined in each participant to know how each one h as been effected. Raz and Kennedy (2009) also identified in a review that cross-sectional studies have often only focused on specific parts of the brain in imaging studies, such as the prefrontal cortex, but many longitudinal studies present larger age-related structural changes in the inferior parietal cortex, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum. Compared to cross-sectional studies, research on ageing have argued that longitudinal is the most practical way to obtain reliable data, stating that,

Big Foot Free Essays

The Mystery of Bigfoot Bigfoot is unquestionably North America’s biggest crypto zoological mystery. The idea of Bigfoot has been around for hundreds of years, its history and possible sightings have been documented for years on end. Throughout history, man has battled the topic of Bigfoot and if this creature really does exists. We will write a custom essay sample on Big Foot or any similar topic only for you Order Now Researchers have found arguable evidence, and numerous sightings have been reported throughout North America. Then again, roughly 70% of sightings reported are a misidentification. Bigfoot supposedly inhabits forests mainly in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Scientists discount the existence of Bigfoot and consider it to be a combination of  folklore, misidentification, and  hoax, rather than a living animal. So the question remains, is the existence of this creature fact or fiction? So where does the name â€Å"Bigfoot† come anyway? It is said that this Indian-sounding word was coined in the 1920’s by J. W. Burns, a teacher who for fours years collected stories about wild, hairy giants from his Chehalis Indian friends. Burns combined several similar Native Canadians’ names for these creatures and created the word â€Å"Sasquatch†. In recent years, scientists and folklorists looking to bring respectability to the subject but most North Americans still use the name â€Å"Bigfoot†. The first use of the now widely used label did not occur until a construction worker named Jerry Crew appeared at a northern California newspaper office with a cast of the alleged Bigfoot’s foot found in the mud in Bluff Creek Valley. Hundreds of people have reported seeing the Bigfoot or it’s footprints but none have physical evidence to back up their stories. They describe the creature as standing from seven to ten feet tall and weighing more than six hundred pounds. The distinctive footprint shows a track as left by a giant five toed human foot. The average length is fourteen to sixteen inches long. The most controversial evidence of Bigfoot’s existence is the infamous Patterson video. It was filmed in 1967 near Bluff Creek California. By Roger Patterson, an amateur Bigfoot hunter and rodeo cowboy. In the video, which was filmed in a dry creek bed, Bigfoot appears to be walking along the creek bed, and at one point even stared at the camera. The footage has been analyzed many times by scientists, some of which say the footage is realistic while others do not. Many times when people see something like Bigfoot they think that they will be ridiculed by their friends and neighbors, so they keep there encounter secret for many years. Until others tell their stories. The top three questions that come into some ones mind when they hear about Bigfoot are â€Å"is he man, myth or creature? . Many do not believe of such a creature lurking the forests and are uneducated on the topic so they come to the quick conclusion that someone disguised himself in a costume for attention perhaps. The majority believes strongly that Bigfoot is evidently a myth or hoax for the simple logic that there is not enough evidence to prove Bigfoot’s existence. The most arguable evidence are footprints that can be easily replicated to furthermore puzzle scientists. Also, the lack of carcasses and excrements just don’t add up. Lastly, the big question of is it just a creature which means every sighting would have to be a misidentification. Scientists do believe and have partial evidence that Bigfoot could be a relative with an ancient ape named â€Å"Gigantopithecus†. Then again, some footprints have been reported with claw marks, which could be a grizzle bear. Many can speculate the existence of Bigfoot but until a body is scientifically examined, the riddle of Bigfoot will continue as one of cryptozoology’s biggest and most famous enigmas. Even if Bigfoot is just one big hoax, the myth will live on forever. How to cite Big Foot, Essay examples

Science Center NEMO New Look

Introduction Several years ago many people argued that business and design do not go hand in hand. For instance, Richard Sapper, German designer, stated that in many firms â€Å"design decisions are in the hands of people without the slightest knowledge of the subject†. [1] Nowadays corporations address professionals to make their spaces profitable. It is not only about stores or restaurants.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Science Center NEMO: New Look specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The heads of corporations understand that people working in an appropriate environment can do and do more. Thus, when McKinsey Company decided to occupy the top floor of the famous Piano’s Nemo Museum of Science, they addressed professionals who managed to turn the museum space into a working place.[2] The company who made this design miracle is Veldhoen + Company.[3] The company has carried out a project for Marsh, â€Å"insurance brokers and risk consultants†.[4] They created a new concept for the company’s work place. It is important to note that Veldhoen + Company focus on technology, so it was not that difficult for them to reshape Piano’s space. Piano â€Å"established technology as a starting point for his designs†.[5] Thus, McKinsey Company office is realization of two major ideas: the use of technology and working inspiration. Historical Introduction McKinsey Company needed an office where employees would be creative and hardworking[6]. They addressed Veldhoen + Company that had enough experience to complete the project. Moreover, the vision of the two companies coincide: both of them understand that creative working place is favorable for the working environment[7]. It is necessary to point out that both companies shared their views and ideas which enabled Veldhoen + Company accomplish the project which met all requirements and longings of McKinsey Compa ny[8]. Spatial organization and planning As far as spatial organization is concerned it is necessary to point out that Veldhoen + Company were to create a brand new project. The building’s â€Å"unusual form, which includes rounded shapes, slanting walls and ceilings 15 metres high†[9]. The office occupied the entire top floor of the Nemo Science Museum. Piano paid much attention to every detail and he realized a major idea rather than constructed a building. [10] Piano once said: It’s not because I believe that technology is more important than everything else, I just believe that there is a poetry of making things. And beauty also comes from the well-crafted bearing of a building.[11] Piano realized the idea of a ship, so Veldhoen + Company should create a space within a ship. They had a large space (900 square meters) shaped like a ship to create an office (pic.1).[12] The architects have divided the space into numerous working spaces: multi-functuional team room, cockpits which â€Å"allow privacy for individuals†, lounges â€Å"where two or three collegues can work together†, social spaces and relaxation areas.[13]Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As far as materials are concerned Veldhoen + Company followed the major idea of the building designer, Piano. Thus, the architects have kept services â€Å"exposed rivets and glazed partitioning†.[14] Notably, the architects managed to create the space where all those technological details fit perfectly (pic.2). Of course, not everything remained unchanged. For instance, carpet flooring is used for the floor, which is quite common for working spaces.[15] Furnishings and ornamentations Admittedly, the space created by Piano did not presuppose any furniture. Piano major idea was to create a museum which would become a celebration of science and at the same time present s everal piazzas to the city of Amsterdam.[16] Thus, Veldhoen + Company could make as many areas as they find it necessary. As has been mentioned above the architects made several areas for individual or collective work, for meetings and relaxation. The furniture used by designers includes wood desks, leather chairs, sofas and panels which serve as bookcases (pic.3). Veldhoen + Company had numerous discussions with their partner which resulted in the idea of great flexibility.[17] Thus, employees working in the new office have laptops and cell phones, so it makes it possible to create a really flexible working space[18]. Apart from the creative use of the working space and the use of appropriate furniture, the use of specific color and light contributes greatly to creating a good working place. Basically, steel as constructing material prevail, so grey color also dominates (pic.2). It could seem that this color will become quite suppressive. The space could seem cold and workers could feel as if they were robots in a steel trap. Nevertheless, the architects added some home-like and, so to speak, warm colors: brown (tables and shelves) which is enhanced by deep black colors (sofas and chairs). The architect also made use of â€Å"warm† light. Thus, many lamps do not only make the rooms light, but make them a bit more home-like. Functions and significations Admittedly, Veldhoen + Company had quite a difficult task of reshaping the museum hall into a profitable working place where employees would feel comfortable. It goes without saying that the architect paid more attention to details. In fact, they created a brand new space due to the use of thoughtful details. For instance, they had to tackle with the very high ceiling (15 meters).[19] However, they used numerous lamps which made this height â€Å"invisible† (pic.3). These lamps lighted the areas and created an effect of â€Å"usual† ceiling. Of course, this was a very good idea since very h igh ceilings do not fit fruitful work in an office.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Science Center NEMO: New Look specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The use of materials is also worth mentioning. Thus, Veldhoen + Company had the space created by Piano who adored technology. The space was constructed with the help of steel. The architects, nevertheless, did not hide the steel elements. Veldhoen + Company resorted to wooden furniture and black leather seats. Thus, effects produced by cold and suppressive steel were neutralized by warm leather and wood. It is also important to mention that Piano’s museum is very airy since the architect was fascinated by transparency in buildings: From the bottom of the stairs on the first floor, you can see ahead through the building to the bright, glazed temporary exhibition hall, and looking up, you can see almost to the furthest reaches of the building.[20] The top floor o f the museum (just any other floors) contained glass walls rather than windows (pic.4). Veldhoen + Company remained this detail unchanged, they preserved that specific atmosphere of airy spaces. Interestingly, though the architect had to create many areas, in this way drawing some limits, it is clear that the office remained still airy. Employees have a lot of space for various activities. More so, every employee is free to occupy any place due to their technological flexibility. This flexibility in space managing creates an atmosphere of collaboration and creativity. It is also necessary to mention the exceptional use of color and light. The architects tries to create warm atmosphere, the place where people would be eager to work and, what is more important, cooperate. Thus, the grey cold colors affect people in such a way that employees are concerned with the completion of their tasks. Steel is the material which calls for action. Whereas, such warm color as brown creates a warm a tmosphere of collaboration. It is possible to discuss issues or simply relax in such environment. Thus, the mix of colors enables employees to be productive, but still feel comfortable.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Designers’ inspirations and precedents It is necessary to state that while working on the project Veldhoen + Company were inspired by Piano’s work. It can be seen that the architects tried to remain the major idea of the space. They wanted to preserve the feeling of airiness and technological sophistication. Piano’s project, Science Center Nemo, is, by all means unique in terms of architecture. However, it is possible to state that it is typical for Renzo Piano who admired technology and transparency.[21] For instance, his famous Centre Georges Pompidou, is also referred to as â€Å"inside-out† building, â€Å"exposes its mechanical systems outside of its glass facade, freeing interior spaces for maximal flexibility†.[22] As Ashmore has claimed â€Å"its signature cross-bracing and colored tubing† has become â€Å"a modern Parisian landmark†. [23] Likewise, the museum in Amsterdam is a building which boasts with its technological deta ils. Piano remains faithful to his idea of technology and transparency in both projects. Veldhoen + Company are also faithful to their major concern: to â€Å"build a new way† for working.[24] The company strives to create as comfortable working environment as possible. Not only their project for McKinsey Company follows such principles. Veldhoen + Company carried out a similar project for Marsh, a large consulting company.[25] CEO of Marsh, Marcel Polk stated: â€Å"Our task was to transform ourselves from a restricted, conservative organization into a transparent, service-minded consultancy†.[26] Veldhoen + Company managed to create the necessary working environment to bring Marsh’s ideas into life. The architects used the same idea of transparency. Reportedly, it became â€Å"much more natural for employees to consult one another and work in teams†.[27] Thus, in their project for McKinsey Company Veldhoen + Company followed their principles of creati vity and transparency and Piano’s ideals of technological buildings. Conclusion In conclusion, it is possible to state that Veldhoen + Company created an appropriate working place for a company which understands that the right environment will lead to increase in employees’ productiveness. Though, the architect had to reshape the space constructed for the museum, they managed to preserve some basic principles of the entire building and make it a creative working place. Veldhoen + Company managed to preserve the atmosphere of airiness due to the use of a mix of materials and colors, even though they divided the space into several areas. The office does not seem crowded since the architects created areas for all sorts of activities necessary for the comfortable work and made use of flexibility which modern technology can provide. Thus, the office realizes the major ideas of the architects: the mix of technology and working inspiration is the most suitable when designing working places. Works Cited Ashmore, Lisa. â€Å"Renzo Piano Gold Medal†, ArchitectureWeek. 365 (2008): pN1.1 Bradburne, James M. Space Creatures. Journal of Museum Education. 24.1-2 (2005): 16-20. Jevnaker, Birgit Helene. â€Å"Vita Activa: On Relationships between Design(ers) and Business.† Design Issues. 21.3 (2006): 25-48. Reznikoff, S. Interior Graphic and Design Standards. New York: Watson-Guptill, 1986. Ross, Philip, and Jeremy Myerson. The 21st Century Office. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2003. Sharp, Dennis. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Architects and Architecture. New York: Quatro Publishing, 1991. Veldhoen. This Concept Is a Fabulous Change-Management tool. 2011. Web. Veldhoen.   2011. Web. Illustrations Pic.1 Pic.2 Pic.3 Pic.4 Footnotes Jevnaker, Birgit Helene. â€Å"Vita Activa: On Relationships between Design(ers) and Business.† Design Issues. 21.3 (2006): 25. Ross, Philip, and Jeremy Myerson. The 21st Century Office. (London: Lauren ce King Publishing, 2003)86. ibid p.86 Veldhoen. This Concept Is a Fabulous Change-Management tool. Sharp, Dennis. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Architects and Architecture. (New York: Quatro Publishing, 1991)122. Ross and Myerson p.86 Veldhoen. Ross and Myerson p.86 Ross and Myerson p.86 Ashmore, Lisa. â€Å"Renzo Piano Gold Medal†, ArchitectureWeek. 365 (2008) pN1.1 ibid pN1.1 Ross and Myerson p.86 ibid p.86 ibid p.86 Reznikoff, S. Interior Graphic and Design Standards. (New York: Watson-Guptill, 1986)435 Bradburne, James M. Space Creatures. Journal of Museum Education. 24.1-2 (2005): 18 Ross and Myerson p.86 Ross and Myerson p.86 ibid p.86 Bradburne p.18 Bradburne p.18 Ashmore pN1.1 ibid pN1.1 Veldhoen. Veldhoen. This Concept Is a Fabulous Change-Management tool. ibid n.p. ibid n.p. This essay on Science Center NEMO: New Look was written and submitted by user Geraldine Flynn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Racisam

I was thinking about topics for my essays, and a lot of things popped into my head like for example how about start and connect my opinion on one of my favorite movies? This one I believe that I can write about and make sense out of it, its about Racism and I believe that everyone can relate because we are either racists or not. American history X is the title of the movie. American History X focuses on the life of a skinhead. The main character of this movie is Edward Norton. Edward Norton as Derek Vinyard, a Southern Californian skinhead who must do time after committing a hateful murder. Once in jail, his mind opens and he actually thinks and he sees the error of his ways. Upon reentering the real world, he must now turn his attentions to his younger brother Danny, who is heading down the same path as his brother. The movie's main storytelling device centers on Danny's excellent writing ability. After turning in a report of Hitler's "Mein Kampf", when asked to discuss a book about civil rights, Danny's now being forced by a hard-love school teacher to write about his brother Derek's journey from the "heights" of murderous skinhead leadership to the brutal rape in a prison shower. In the film there are a lot of scenes of racial violence: of black youths kicking a helpless white student in a high school restroom; of a Korean-owned grocery store terrorized by skinhead thugs; of an African American whose skull is split open by a skinhead who orders him to lie face down on a curb. Unlike many Hollywood films, it shows this young man's evolution. He sees all the destruction that hate causes, not only to society at large, but also to his own family. There lies point of my essay, the lesson: Everyone suffers from hate crimes. At times it is difficult to tell what message this movie is trying to put across. We know that in general, being a racist is wrong. But, while watching this movie, I, and I’m sure many others, ... Free Essays on Racisam Free Essays on Racisam I was thinking about topics for my essays, and a lot of things popped into my head like for example how about start and connect my opinion on one of my favorite movies? This one I believe that I can write about and make sense out of it, its about Racism and I believe that everyone can relate because we are either racists or not. American history X is the title of the movie. American History X focuses on the life of a skinhead. The main character of this movie is Edward Norton. Edward Norton as Derek Vinyard, a Southern Californian skinhead who must do time after committing a hateful murder. Once in jail, his mind opens and he actually thinks and he sees the error of his ways. Upon reentering the real world, he must now turn his attentions to his younger brother Danny, who is heading down the same path as his brother. The movie's main storytelling device centers on Danny's excellent writing ability. After turning in a report of Hitler's "Mein Kampf", when asked to discuss a book about civil rights, Danny's now being forced by a hard-love school teacher to write about his brother Derek's journey from the "heights" of murderous skinhead leadership to the brutal rape in a prison shower. In the film there are a lot of scenes of racial violence: of black youths kicking a helpless white student in a high school restroom; of a Korean-owned grocery store terrorized by skinhead thugs; of an African American whose skull is split open by a skinhead who orders him to lie face down on a curb. Unlike many Hollywood films, it shows this young man's evolution. He sees all the destruction that hate causes, not only to society at large, but also to his own family. There lies point of my essay, the lesson: Everyone suffers from hate crimes. At times it is difficult to tell what message this movie is trying to put across. We know that in general, being a racist is wrong. But, while watching this movie, I, and I’m sure many others, ...

MULLER Surname Meaning and Family History

MULLER Surname Meaning and Family History The Mà ¼ller last name is a German occupational surname for miller, from the Middle High German mà ¼lnà ¦re or mà ¼ller. MILLER is the English version of this common German surname. MÃÅ"LLER is the most common German surname, as well as the most common last name in Switzerland and in the French  dà ©partements of Bas-Rhin and Moselle. Muller or Mà ¼ller is  also the fifth most common surname in Austria. Surname Origin:  German Alternate Surname Spellings:  MUELLER, MOLLER, MUILLER, MUELER, MULER, MILLER, MOELLER Famous People with the Surname MÃÅ"LLER: Erwin Wilhelm Mà ¼ller - German physicist, the first person to experimentally observe atomsFilip Mà ¼ller - Holocaust survivor and author of Eyewitness Auschwitz - Three Years in the Gas ChambersWilly Mà ¼ller - inventor of the first automatic answering machineHermann Joseph Muller -  Ã‚  American  geneticist, educator, and  Nobel laureate Where is the MULLER Surname Most Common? The Muller surname, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears, is most prevalent in Switzerland (ranked 5th in the country), Luxembourg (2nd), France (37th), South Africa (38th), and Austria (39th). The Mueller spelling, on the other hand, is most prevalent in Germany, where it is the 10th most common surname. The Mueller spelling is also common in Switzerland (12th), in addition to the Muller variant. WorldNames PublicProfiler  also highlights the Muller surnames popularity in Switzerland and indicates that it is most common in Nordwestschweiz by more than double any other region. It is also fairly common in Espace Mittelland and Zentralschweiz in Switzerland, and Alsace and Lorraine in France. Genealogy Resources for the Surname MÃÅ"LLER, MUELLER and MULLER Common German Surnames Their MeaningsUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to German surnames meanings and origins. The Mueller DNA ProjectThis DNA project connects individuals with the Mueller surname, or variants such as Muller,  who are interested in using DNA testing to help discover common Mà ¼ller ancestors. Muller Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Muller family crest or coat of arms for the Muller surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. MULLER Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Muller ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Muller ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - MULLER GenealogyExplore over 1.2  million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Muller surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. MULLER Surname Mailing ListThe free mailing list for researchers of the Muller surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. GeneaNet - Muller  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Muller surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Muller Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Muller surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Ancestry.com: Muller SurnameExplore over 5.6 million digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Muller surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Findings and analysis on branding effect on customer buying behaviour Essay

Findings and analysis on branding effect on customer buying behaviour and loyalty - Essay Example The major findings of the study are given after each table. Table No. 2 exhibits the age-wise distribution of sample respondents. It is clear from the table that all the three group has 20 respondents each. The reason why each group is made up of similar number is that it ensures any personal bias and prejudice. This table exhibits the distribution of respondents on the basis of income level. It reveals that the maximum number of respondents falls in the high income group and low income group has the least number of respondents with 17 respondents. The above table shows whether the respondents have brand loyalty or not. Of the total sample respondents, it is clear that, 55 percent has brand loyalty to certain products. In other words, majority of the respondents’ buying decisions are influenced by their preference to certain brand which they have already bought. This table exhibits the preference of respondents for brands in their buying decisions. It shows that 65 percent of the total respondents prefer brands as their choice and 20 percent do not support this tendency among buyers. It further states that maximum supporters fall in the age group of 18 to 25. Of the 20 respondents in the group, 11 are of the opinion that brands are important in buying decisions. It is also evident from the table that in the age group of above 25, 10 out of 20 strongly support the argument that buying decisions are influenced by brand preference. This table is meant to show the importance of product quality as a determinant of buying decision among various age groups. The table exhibits that out of 60, 46 sample respondents argue that quality is a prominent determinant of buying decision rather than brand image. The supporters of this argument believe that brand image is the product of endless efforts of the producer to maintain quality and if there is quality, there must be

Federal Governments Roles in Private Security Research Paper

Federal Governments Roles in Private Security - Research Paper Example This can be done by the creation of gazettes that limit the mandate of private security companies to access information on a particular case. Moreover, the state should be able to share information with the private sector in case of a security threat. For instance, airport security may be mandated to stop a person as mandated by the state. Such collaborations make it easier to handle security threats. Another role of the state on private firms is to ensure proper certification of the practice. An organization should be valid and legally created to be able to serve in the industry. Raphael (2004) also points out that the state should ensure operations of private companies are regulated and specified. For instance, a private company may be provided with a mandate to use firearms only in extremely necessary situations. Private security firms in charge of institutions should be major areas to be targeted by the state. For instance, airports should be handled with greater regards from the state. The state should have intensified focus on private security firms in airports. However, this mandated should be limited to avoid instances of abuse on human rights. Regardless of this requirement, national security should be a priority (Noam, 2005). The author, however, is keen to assert that institutions such as medical and educational facilities should be approached with caution considering the sensitivity of people in these institutions (Noam, 2005). An area that should be provided with maximum state control is boarder control. Private security firms with the responsibility of securing across boarder transports should be completely transparent to the government on the nature of their business and provide evidence to support the claims. One proposed Act is the Federal Acquisitions Regulations (FAR). This act is aimed at managing the contraction of private security firms. In an

Hobbes Lockes And Rousseaus Imagination Of Social Contract Philosophy Essay

Hobbes Lockes And Rousseaus Imagination Of Social Contract Philosophy Essay Social Contract Theory, is one of the oldest philosophical theories on the origin of state .The original inspiration for this notion is said to have derived from the bible, covenant between God and Abraham and later by the Sophists in Greece, but it is mostly brought up by the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The social contract is moral and/or political obligation dependent upon a contract or agreement between the people to form society. The social contract theory has three main stages of progression, namely- state of nature, contract or covenant and civil society. These three stages provide the basic differences between the theories of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. THOMAS HOBBES THEORY OF THE SOCIAL CONTRACT Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher and political thinker. The English civil war became the back drop for all his writings. In the context of a number of overlapping conflicts Hobbes wrote various versions of his political theory, begning with The elements of Law (1630s),De Cive(1642),and Leviathan (1651).  [1]   According to Hobbes, the state of nature represented the interactions of human beings with each other in the absence of any kind of relations of political authority. In other words the state of nature represented a state of war. Hobbes believed that the human beings in the state of nature were concerned only with their desires  [2]  . The human nature here was selfish. No person was superior over the other. Hobbes further said that the desire to acquire power never ended and thus it aggravated the state of war where everyone was trying to ensure that no one will stop them from fulfilling their desires of glory. Thus creating a situation favorable for long-term projects, like farming, industry, etc. became impossible. It was a situation of continuous fear and violence. In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. -Leviathan Such a state called for some laws to be enforced. Hence the need arose to have an authority that would enforce the laws of nature and help man to fulfill his desires in a more efficient way. This led to the signing of the Social Contract between men leading to the formation of a state as well as a sovereign. In such a state or commonwealth, as stated by Hobbes, men authorized a particular individual or a group of individuals to perform all actions. Moreover men also gave up certain rights on a condition that such rights were also given up by the entire multitude. A commonwealth is said to be instituted, when a multitude of men do Agree, and Covenant, every one, with every one, that to whatsoever Man, or Assembly of Men, shall be given by the major part, the Right to Present the Person of them all (that is to say, to be their Representative); every one, as well he that Voted for it, as he that Voted against it, shall Authorize all the Actions and Judgments , of that Man, or Assembly of Men, in the same manner, as if they were his own, to the end, to live peaceably amongst themselves, and be protected against other men. -Leviathan Hobbes sovereign had absolute authority. His judgments and actions could not be questioned as this sovereign was not a part of the social contract. Opposing this sovereign meant opposing oneself as this sovereign represented the people itself. The only right that men had against this sovereign was the right to life or self-preservation. JOHN LOCKES THEORY OF THE SOCIAL CONTRACT Initially, although John Locke (1632-1704) believed in the absolute power of the monarchy and religious uniformity, his stance changed drastically later. His changed stance is best put forward in the work Two Treatises of Government. Unlike, Hobbes for whom the state of nature is a state of war, Lockes state of the nature is the state of peace, Good Will, Mutual Assistance, and Preservation.  [3]  His theory brings out that man is a wise, sociable being who can judge the ill effects of going to war with men. It can be noted that Lockes has positive view of the state of nature and of human beings. Locke brings in the concept of private property which in all probability leads to inequalities of wealth. In order to ensure the security of the natural laws, and the inequality of wealth, man to enter into a community governed by a set of laws and the government. Locke disbelieves in censorship by the state, and says that state must exist and function separately from the people. The main goal of state is to ensure personal safety and protection of personal property rights. If it fails so he empowered people to revolt against the state, and, to go for a revolution if it abuses its authority. Hence unlike Hobbes, Lockes government is not absolute. Its powers are limited to an extent where it starts encroaching on public good. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAUS THEORY OF THE SOCIAL CONTRACT Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) remains one of the first thinkers to offer us a strong critique of modern social and political institutions in the name of the modern values of equality, liberty and democracy.  [4]   Rousseaus theory on the state of nature shows in progressive stages how men, from behaving like animals, transform themselves into a society. This society, according to Rousseau, is not civil at all as it gives rise to more corruption and negative feelings in Mans mind. Thus Rousseaus view point differs from Hobbes or Locke who believe in the transformation of men from the state of nature to a more civil society. Rousseau in his theory favours men in the state of nature in which they only have natural differences rather than having political, social or economic differences. But however we have no moral liberty in the state of nature, because we have not yet developed a moral sense. This moral sense can only be born in society, and we need to establish a society in which, not only do we preserve the liberty of the state of nature, but also provide the conditions for us to achieve moral freedom.  [5]  So in order to solve this problem men enter into a social contract. The new polit ical entity which is formed as a result of this contract reflects and works for the general will. This general will leads to the protection of individual liberty which as a corollary leads to the removal of economic, social and political inequality. Thus; Rousseau says; that it is only because of this general will that the sovereign is indivisible, inalienable and infallible.  [6]  Because of this people are ready to lay down even their right to self-preservation. This concept, as clearly seen, is a stark contrast to Hobbes and Lockes theory. In this way one sees that all three Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau differ in their theories of the Social Contract. All three of them start off by describing the state of nature and mans progression into civil society. But, however, the reasons which force man into such a society differ from one author to the other. This, in turn, leads them to have a contrasting view point on the powers and duties of the sovereign as well the state. Despite the differences in their viewpoints, their theories have one common thread running through them which reflects that The Social Contract is the best way to maintain peace and order. Though this end propagated by them is the same, the means and prerequisite conditions differ.

My Career Goal Essay

I always ask myself a question of what I want to be and what goals I am going to achieve four years later. Four years later, it is hoped that I can get the most out of my education, becoming more independent and mature. Four years later, it is hoped that I can be a journalist who contribute as much value as I can to my city. My first career goal is to be a journalist who writes for newspaper. A journalist who sees and tells the truth with honesty. Reporting the news completely. Presenting all sides of viewpoints unbiasedly. Seeking more sources when writing a news so as to be sure of multiple sides are presented. Secondly, helping the public society but the government will become one of my main concern. It is hoped that I can be independent from the government. Keeping a watchful eye on the government and making representation to the government about the unjust policy or measure. Therefore, I can supervise the government as to be sure that they do their work properly. Moreover, bridge the gap between society and real life is also my concern. Passionate on providing the information of the causes of the accident so as to raise the public awareness of the things going on the social issues. Finally, sincerely hope that I can hold on the mission which inspired by principle of freedom, of information, of expression in my career life with all attempt, determination and faith in justice. I always ask myself a question of what I want to be and what goals I am going to achieve four years later. Four years later, it is hoped that I can get the most out of my education, becoming more independent and mature. Four years later, it is hoped that I can be a journalist who contribute as much value as I can to my city. My first career goal is to be a journalist who writes for newspaper. A journalist who sees and tells the truth with honesty. Reporting the news  completely. Presenting all sides of viewpoints unbiasedly. Seeking more sources when writing a news so as to be sure of multiple sides are presented. Secondly, helping the public society but the government will become one of my main concern. It is hoped that I can be independent from the government. Keeping a watchful eye on the government and making representation to the government about the unjust policy or measure. Therefore, I can supervise the government as to be sure that they do their work properly. Moreover, bridge the gap between society and real life is also my concern. Passionate on providing the information of the causes of the accident so as to raise the public awareness of the things going on the social issues. Finally, sincerely hope that I can hold on the mission which inspired by principle of freedom, of information, of expression in my career life with all attempt, determination and faith in justice.

Ancient Greek Influences Essay - 886 Words

Historians have long considered Ancient Greece to be one of the most influential societies on modern day life. Ancient Greece has inspired the modern world in five main areas: theatre, government, philosophy, art, and architecture. Theatre flourished in Greece, particularly in Athens, between c. 550 BC and c. 220 BC. During its beginnings theatrical performances were part of Dionysia, a festival held in honour of the god Dionysus. The plot of the plays was always inspired by Greek mythology, a theme that is still common today. Many modern plays and movies have been directly based on or incorporated elements of Greek mythology or simply mythology in general. Every play had a chorus, though the size and importance of it varied. The†¦show more content†¦Love also became a principle element of Greek theatre during this time. Greek comedy inspired much of modern romantic, generational, and situational comedy. Satyr plays blended elements of tragedy and comedy, and featured mock drunkenness, sexual props and costumes, as well as pranks and gags. Influence of the satyr plays can be seen in genre of burlesque, which involved elaborate, risquà © parodies of well-known operas, plays, and ballets. Modern comedi es, which typically involve practical jokes, sexual humour, and drunkenness, are inspired by satyr plays as well. Ancient Greece was one of the first democratic societies and has greatly influenced modern day governments. Although the Greek idea of democracy is different from what is practiced today, their ideas formed the basis for modern democratic governments. Prior the invention of democracy, citizens had no rights and there were no guidelines for who was considered a citizen. Democracy gave voting rights and the ability to hold office to citizens – free men born in Greece, usually landowners. Today’s modern democracy is accessible to all people and has a higher degree of organization and hierarchy, it still derives its basic prinicples from Greek democracy. The origins are Western philosophy and sciences are found in Ancient Greece, beginning with the pre-Socratic philosophers. These philosophers began to examine the world in a way that no one else had before; they wanted toShow MoreRelatedAncient Greek Influence On The Modern World1442 Words   |  6 Pages Ancient Greek Influence on the Modern World Knowledge of ancient Greeks is still influencing the modern world through their advancement and development of government, military, sciences, mathematics, art, and architecture. Centered around perfection of the mind and body, ancient Greek society can be seen through these various areas of their society. The ancient Greek society began with having monarchies and oligarchies, but in 510 AD Athens would create the first democracy (Carr). Athens was ruledRead MoreThe Influence of Ancient Greek Mythology on Modern Society Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Greek society fell over 2000 years ago but despite this, its mythology still continues to influence our western society. References to Greek mythology can be found all through time and in our western culture. The influence of Greek mythology can be found in our science, arts and literature and our language. When Ancient Greece fell to the Roman Empire, Rome adapted its mythologies which still influence us today as they have through history. That is not to say that Greek mythology wasn’t influencedRead MoreHow The Ancient Greeks And Romans Still Influence Our Modern World869 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant for students to understand how the ancient Greeks and Romans still influence our modern world. Ancient Greece was the bi rthplace modern mathematics, science, philosophy, architecture, literature, theater, art, architecture, Democracy, Law, and competitive sports. The term mathematics was invented by Pythagoras. It means that which is learned. In turn, mathematical theories were applied to building the great architecture of Greece. The great Greek temples are visual representations of theRead MoreAncient Greece s Influence On The Life Of The Greek Peoples1898 Words   |  8 Pagesthe poor, sick, and elderly. Hospitals have changed and evolved over time to the sometimes massive centers for healing that we have now. Ancient Greece As far back as 1200 B.C., in Ancient Greece, medicine played a very important role in the lives of the Greek peoples. As all other areas in their lives were expanding, so did their medical knowledge. Ancient Greece was steeped in mythology, such that, no matter what went on in the world around them, it was explained as having something to do withRead MoreEssay on The Human Body in Ancient Greek Sculptures1015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Human Body in Ancient Greek Sculptures The primary focus of ancient Greek sculptures was that of the human body. Almost all Greek sculptures are of nude subjects. As the first society to focus on nude subjects, Greek sculptors attempted to depict man in what they believed was the image of the gods and so would come to celebrate the body by striving for verisimilitude or true – likeness (realism and naturalism!).(Riffert) Not only did the Greeks celebrate the human form in their art but alsoRead MoreThe Importance Of Soil And Evaluation Of Taxonomic Evidence748 Words   |  3 Pagesmisogynistic evidence from ancient Greek literature. Consumption Meanwhile, assiduous ‘ethnography (Harrison et al., 2014, p.14)’ provides evidence of the consumption habits of Ancient Greeks. High end pottery, designed to promote the owners status, included the addition of precious metals. Society’s elite paradigm of leisure included boisterous ‘drinking games (Hughes et al., 2014, p.92)’. This Stamnos functioned as a vessel for mixing wine enjoyed by heavy drinking Greeks who seldom enjoyed theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Neil Fraser s The Golden Age 1893 Words   |  8 PagesTheatre History Explained Neil Fraser outlines the history of theatre from Greek and Roman times, all the way through the twentieth century. Fraser makes a claim that theatre truly began in Greek culture with even the Roma’s looking upon that time as â€Å"the golden age†. â€Å"The Romans looked back on Greek theatre of circa 600BC as a golden age, and we can still make a case for the great plays of that period as having never been bettered.† (Fraser, 2004, pg.5). Some of the more important highlights ofRead MorePlato, The, And The Myth Of Er1757 Words   |  8 PagesIn 399 BCE, nineteen years before Plato transcribed Republic, classical Greek philosopher Socrates was formally put on trial and executed on the citation of two â€Å"impious† acts: having â€Å"failed to acknowledge the gods that the city acknowledges† and â€Å"introducing new deities.† These two recognized accusations, and the punishment that Socrates paid for them through a poisonous hemlock-based liquid, was witnessed by his student, Plato. Plato was inspired to later write Socratic works and dialogues dedicatedRead More Water and Womanhood in Ancient Greece Essay2210 Words   |  9 PagesIn the times of ancient Greece, there were ample tales, myths, and legends surrounding the realm of the sea; many of which included fearsome beasts, epic struggles, and angered gods. There are tales of vengeance, spite, cruelty, and rage, but there are also those of understanding, compassion, helpfulness, and benevolence. When one subjects many of the more malevolent (and sometimes disturbing) tales to closer inspection, it becomes fairly evident that a great number of these stories use a feminineRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Kabuki 3062 Words   |  13 Pagesentertainment, and included stylized fighting, aerial stunts, exaggerated makeup and costuming, and physical and verbal comedy. 2. Nixon in China - Nixon in China is an American opera portraying President Nixon’s historic visit to China. The opera pulls influences from the highly stylized Beijing opera performance style, and portrays the clash of Asian and Western cultures that was manifested in the US’ tense relationship with China prior to Nixon’s visit. 3. Center Stage Left - In traditional western theater

Ways And Means Of Deposit Mobilization Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4187 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? In wake of the financial meltdown that started in 2008, financial institutions were the worst beneficiaries of the global crises. Pakistan also was not spared and economically suffered a supply shock in the form of all time high oil prices which took the inflation to its all-time height to 22%. To manage these shocks Pakistan immediately hurried to IMF for bailout package for more than 10 billion dollars while SBP played its role by increasing the discount rate and other statutory requirement to curb the rising inflation while relaxing the capital requirements for banks. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ways And Means Of Deposit Mobilization Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The aftershocks of the global meltdown in 2010 are still haunting the Banks in Pakistan, in shape of detoriation of quality loan portfolio. In 2008 alone the NPL portfolio witnessed an astonishing rise of 64.7% from 218 billion to 359 billion. This increase in portfolio detoriated the banking industry profit by 107 billion, which was 46 billion in excess of 2007, while in 2009, NPL portfolio rosed by 20.3%. The second major impact to the banking industry was the increase in cost of funding which surged from 4.3% in June 07 to 6.2% in June Dec 09 but has come down from 7.2% in March 09. Surprisingly the spreads didnt shrink by dec 09 and remained stabled at 6.8%. The main reason is that the banks are cutting down the rates on deposits to maintain the spreads. On one hand the current deposits are increasing in the industry on the other hand saving deposits are substituting with fixed deposits which intails increases the cost of funds. This shift in the deposits is primarily attribut ed firstly to SBP incentive policy to mobilize long term deposits through CRR and secondly banks own initiatives to narrow the mismatch of assets and liabilities. And finally the last but not the least is SBP initiative to introduce a floor of 5% on saving deposits beginning June 2008 which increased the cost of funds by 56 bps. In 2010 Pakistan yet again witnessed a new shock in shapes of floods destroying the 70% of agricultural land. The Banking industry is yet to take the impact of these floods which could actually hit the SME sector in a very terrible manner, the impact of which would hit the dec 2010 results. The after shocks of these floods would again trigger the inflation rise to 25% as per the government statistics while IMFs calls for 22% inflation, which currently is standing at 13%. HMB was not the exception to this aftershock phenomenon, but has greatly managed itself to maintain its profits by efficient management of expenses, change of leadership and lowering of c ost of deposits. Nevertheless, the rising inflation would again bring in the new economic crises, which would take banking industry towards a point of saturation in terms of deposits and its cost while profits of the industry would be snatched by the rising NPL portfolio. The need is to gather the low cost deposits especially the current and saving deposits, for which there is a dire need to look for segments of customers which could provide such deposits, a white space in the economy. This paper is about highlighting the white space within the downfall economy, for the banking industry and for my bank HMB. Through this paper I would try to identify the underserved segments through which HMB could benefit from it and in turn lower its cost of funds. The paper would highlight the problem as to why there is a need for HMB to get the deposits from unserved segments. Secondly identification of such segments through secondary research data and finally the conclusion. OVERVIEW OF HABIB METROPOLITON BANK (HMB) Habib Metropolitan Bank Limited (HMB) was incorporated in Pakistan as a public listed company in 1992 under the name, Metropolitan Bank Limited. The bank commenced full scheduled commercial banking operations in October 1992. Metropolitan Bank, from October 1992 to September 2006, remained a highly rated bank and with its nationwide 51-branch on-line network, established as a distinguished provider of trade finance services. On October 26, 2006 Habib Bank AG Zurichs Pakistan operations merged into Metropolitan Bank Limited and the merged entity was named Habib Metropolitan Bank Limited (HMB). Demonstrating a strong commitment to Pakistans economy, HBZ is the principal shareholder of HMB. HMB operates in all major cities of the country. The bank ranks within top 10 in Pakistan with a strong vision to be the most reliable financial institution. HMB has its primary focus on retail banking and trade-finance and also offers highly innovative e-banking. The groups flagship and HMBs pr incipal, HBZ (incorporated 1967) enjoys international ranking of 687 in terms of capital. With headquartered in Switzerland, the HBZ Group also operates in Hong Kong, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, Kenya, South Africa, United Kingdom and North America. The Pakistan Credit Rating Agency (PACRA) has allotted both long-term and short-term ratings of Habib Metropolitan Bank Limited at AA+ (Double A plus) and A1+ (A one plus), respectively. These ratings, being the highest amongst the local sector private banks, denote a very low expectation of credit risk emanating from a very strong capacity for timely payment of financial commitments. VISION STATEMENT Based on the foundation of Trust, to be the most respected financial institution, delighting customers with excellence, enjoying the loyalty of a dedicated team, meeting the expectations of regulators and participating in social causes while providing superior returns to shareholders 5 YEARS OF FINANCIAL ACHIEVEMENTS WITH REGARDS TO DEPOSITS Clearly we can see that HMB has exhaled in the Deposit area from 102 billion in 2006 to 142 billion in 2009 showing a remarkable increase of average 10% each year. The average has gone down due to economic slowdown and in 2008 where it has increased by only 6%. A tremendous increase in 2005 was due to the merger between the HMB and Habib bank AG zurich which has not been considered in deposit growth highlights due to one off situation. As for funding composition the deposit mix decreased from 70% to 60% mainly due to the increase in borrowing mix from 17% to 29%. This main increase in borrowings was due to money market borrowing and SBP export refinance borrowing which both grew substantially. YIELD ON EARNING ASSETS / COST OF FUNDS / NET MARGIN % The modified ROA is self explanatory whereby it clearly depicts that the ROA is falling due to decrease in PAT margin which is falling to due to high markup expense. This is clearly evident that from the cost of funds graph above and Deposit mix where the Cost is moving from 7.5% in 2008 to 7.9% while current deposits mix fell from 32% in 2005 to 25% in 2009. While the mix of high cost time and saving deposits has grown significantly. MODIFIED ROA ROE HMB ACHIEVEMENT WITH ITS PEERS HMBs yield has improved from 10% to 11.4% however the main concern is the increase in cost of funds which also increased from 6.9% to 7.8%. The increase in yield incrementally contributed towards the 0.4% increase in margin but still HMB is the second last bank among its peers. If we see the deposit comparison HMB has achieved the 6th ranking among the peers while its stands 7th in peers in growth of current deposit. Below is the graph of deposit composition of Current and Saving Accounts (CASA) of the bank. HMB has the 6th largest current deposit composition while is the last in savings and CASA overall. It must be kept in mind that these current and saving deposits actually lower the cost of deposits increasing your margin. We can conclude easily that to succeed in this market and provide shareholders a better return HMB needs to strive and untapped other markets for deposits before other banks comes in and start giving competition. HMBs main priority has been in providi ng trade finance services which it does and because of this premier reason HMB has been able to develop its current deposit portfolio. However, due to economic slowdown and current flooding crises, the economy would be badly affected by increase in discount rate, inflation which is expected to exceed 20% and higher taxes. All these factors would bring the business situation at a saturation level. It would be this moment when bank would aggressively try to find ways to access other markets which is mainly the adult population of this country. HMB at this moment would have a edge as it would be delivering those segments already and would be a market leader. IDENTIFYING UNSERVED SEGMENTS A survey was conducted by World Bank during the year 2010, regarding the populations who have access to financial sector all across Pakistan. The extracts of the said survey was analyzed during my research, through which relevant portion were extracted for further analytical process. Due to the availability of authentic and reliable World Bank data (secondary data), extracting primary data was like reinventing the wheel. Strata were built upon the extracted secondary data i.e. population for the research, for accurate and desirable results. The prime focus of the research is to identify the unserved or underserved segments, therefore the relevant facts and figures, were identified, analyzed and then fine tuned according to my desire hypothesis. KEY FEATURES OF SECONDARY RESEARCH DATA 47% men and 53% women (18 and above) 47% housewives form the single largest group followed by 30% self employed and 12% employed Largely married (71%) and 22% single Mostly (74%) ordinary members of the household rather than the head of the household 63% rural and 37% urban 31% illiterate, 54% with some primary to intermediate education and 16% graduates and above Predominantly in Punjab and Sind FINANCIAL ACCESS STRAND The Access Strand places the adult population along a continuous usage of financial services, both formally and informally. The financial access strand has four segments, as follows: The Banked Those using Formal Other financial products and services Users of Informal financial products and services, and The Financially Excluded Banked This group comprises of adults who currently use one or more traditional banking products supplied by a financial institution. This is not an exclusive usage category; adults in this group may also be currently using one or more formal-other or informal products. Formal Other This group comprises adults who are currently using one or more formal product supplied by a financial institution other than a bank by a financial institution operating under legal governance. Such products include, for example, insurance, leasing, microfinance, postal financial services etc. These people do not have bank account, but have at least one financial service from a regulated non-bank financial service provider. Thus, this is also not an exclusive usage category, as people in this segment may also be using one or more informal products. Informal This group consists of any adult who does not have a bank account or a formal-other service, but uses one or more of Informal products that operate without legal governance. Examples include borrowing from a money-lender, shopkeeper or participating in a savings committee. This is exclusive usage the adults in this segment do not currently use any formal products i.e. Banked and Formal Other. Financially Excluded These are those adults who are excluded from all financial services Banked, Formal Others and Informal. The Banked and Formal Other segments together make up people who are Formally Included. Adding those who use informal services exclusively broadens this group to those who are Financially Served. The latter are financially served in the sense that they are using financial services from either the formal or informal sectors, or both.The remaining adult population, the fourth segment i.e. the Financially Excluded, are the ones who do not have any services from any of the formal and informal sources. They are usually using sub-optimal alternatives or solutions such as sending money by hawala/hundi (informal means of money transfer), saving at home, and borrowing from family and friends. CURRENT FINANCIAL MARKET SITUATION According to the data gathered people having bank accounts are merely 11% while another formal sector serves only the 1% adult population of our country. This means that only 12% in total is under a threshold of documented economy while the flow of money through undocumented area is 88%. OPPORTUNITY!!!! ACCESS STRAND ACROSS GENDER The issue of financial exclusion is most severe along gender lines. There are wide gaps between men and women who are banked, informally served and the financially excluded. ACCESS STRAND BY EDUCATION Clearly, the choice of being banked improves progressively with level of education. However, at the same time informal services are very popular across educational groups, though less popular among those with graduate level of education and above, and very low among the post graduates. Moreover, across all educational levels there are large groups of people who are financially excluded. In fact, more post graduates are financially excluded (22%) than those who are availing informal financial services (9%). ACCESS STRAND BY PROVINCE The issue of financial exclusion is most severe in Baluchistan (84%) followed by KP (61%). All other provinces have access to some form of financial service, be it formal or informal. In all categories of access Baluchistan lags far behind than other provinces. The access scenario looks relatively bright in AJK due to the earthquake in October, 2005. In order to receive governmental livelihood support, people were required to open a bank account where aid could be deposited. According to one estimate 1.5 million people largely residing in AJK have been affected by the earthquake (Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority). FINANCIAL ACCESS SALIENT FEATURES More than half of the adult population that is financially excluded comprises predominantly of housewives and students. The informal sectors is predominantly being used by men with less education and working in low paying jobs in the informal sector, agriculture and daily wages. The issue of access is most pronounced along gender lines. Women by far have less access to all kinds of financial services (formal and informal) as compared to men. Large majority of women are financially excluded altogether. Financial exclusion not only from any kind of formal but also informal financial services is most severe in Baluchistan. There is high co-relation between education and being banked. However, at the same time there are large number of people who are not availing any kind of financial service (formal and informal) across educational groups even among the graduates and post graduates. Almost twice as many people are banked in urban than rural areas. Otherwise the issue o f exclusion and access to formal and informal services is similar in urban and rural areas. Single people tend to be most outside the financial services net (formal and informal) as compared to married and widowed. FINANCIAL LITERACY The table shows the level of financial literacy among the Banked people relating to the terms that people usually hear and understand. Green highlighted portion refers to the awareness and understanding about very basic financial terms used commonly in the population which generally is high. The light blue highlighted region for the understanding about the financial terms related with the formal financial services which is less than high, but is less among the women. The yellow highlighted portion refers to the sophisticated financial terms understanding which is yet even lower and again women lag considerably behind men. The pink section refers to understanding new rising types of banking among people who are banked, particularly women! INTEREST IN FINANCIAL MATTERS AND SOURCES OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION A considerable mass of adult Pakistanis is interested in financial matters. Overall 71% follow financial news sometimes, often and always rather than never. However, the level of financial literacy among the overall adult population in Pakistan is very low as depicted by the previous table. The differentiating factors across the four segments show: Banked population relies largely on newspapers and colleagues at work. Financially Excluded and informally served depend on elder brother, father and other family members. The informally served also depend on local community forums like jirga for their information while those in the formal other segment depend on shopkeepers. Surprisingly, television and radio are quite on the peripheries across the Access Strand. AREAS IN WHICH TRAINING IS WANTED BY ACCESS STRAND Training interests of the informally served, financially excluded and those using other formal services revolves around understanding basic money management and financial concepts such as preparation of household and personal budgets, how to save, and how to calculate profit on a bank account. Whereas the banked are only marginally interested in learning about the products offered by banks. SALIENT FEATURES OF INFORMAL PRODUCT USERS AND FINANCIALLY EXCLUDED The category of unbanked users having usage of informal products has the following characteristics: Most of them are Self-employed on daily wages within the informal sector. Male has the majority for usage of informal products. This sector contains people having jobs related to: Agriculture; Laborer/Worker for Daily Wages; Self-employed (Formal Sector); Cart Holder/Hawker; Services Selling Workers i.e. Carpenter, Barber, Ironsmith etc Unemployed Looking For A Job Majority of them are from Punjab and Sind. Informal users are mostly fall in category of married. Education-wise 4 To 9 Classes, Primary Complete. And lastly they all are from rural area. The characteristics of financially excluded users are: Surprisingly Female leads this segment in a majority. These females are mostly housewives and singles. Employment Status: Housewife Earn Income Yes Employment Status (Single): Student Earn Income No Marital Status: Single or widowed Baluchistan and NWFP Education-wise these are Illiterate. Resides in Rural areas. 48% of informal users say that they would like to have their own bank account while 31% of Financially excluded people would like to have a bank account. This means that almost 25 million people of both categories like to have bank account. WHY PEOPLE ARE UNBANKED? If 25 million of these people would like to have a bank account then what are the reasons that they are still unable to get involve with any of the bank. But before we go deeper into the unbanked people problems we should know why the 11% banked population use bank for: The above table gives solid evidence that banks are being used primarily for the basic and necessity based reasons rather than for any sophisticated, value added and productive reasons. This can be further verified that the percentages for relatively more sophisticated, productive or convenience based reasons such as accessing a business loan, money transfers, earning an income or payment of utility bills have been stated by very few respondents. Further analysis reveals that urban areas are more towards the money safety than rural. Also the rural areas want to be more into the business relation and to access personal loans. Now coming back to the unbanked reasons, the following table gives the right idea: Access related reasons, interestingly, are not the most important reasons for being unbanked, than income related reasons are. Nevertheless people who have cited choice and access related reasons are significant and is a more ready potential market for banks. These segments need to be studied and analyzed closely so that their reasons for being unbanked can be addressed in a more targeted fashion. Contrary to the expectations, socio cultural reasons have been cited by a mere 12% women as a barrier to being banked! HOW DO PEOPLE RECEIVE THEIR INCOME Pakistan is predominantly cash based economy outside the formal economic structures. 92% of the adult Pakistanis receive their income in cash and almost half of the people say that some of this income goes into a bank while 1/3 say that None of it is deposited in a bank! SAVINGS AND INVESTMENTS SBP CONCLUSION Although National savings as a proportion of GDP increased 40 bps during FY09 to 14.3 percent, the savings rate in Pakistan is the lowest among neighboring countries. Moreover, this minor increase was primarily attributed to the surge in workers remittances during the year as domestic savings as a percent of GDP declined from 11.5 percent in FY08 to 11.3 percent in FY09. The decline in savings during FY09 is primarily attributed to the sharp reduction in overall economic activities and strong inflationary pressures in the economy. SALIENT FEATURES OF SAVING AND INVESTMENTS 56% of the total adult population saves or invest either formally or informally. However, 53% save informally while formal savers are only 3%. Saving at home is the most widely practiced across all segments The top 4 means of saving across Pakistan are all informal. Only 8% of those who save do so with a bank. Even though people perceive government associated financial institutions as secure, only 2% are investing in Prize Bonds, and 1% in National Savings Schemes. Almost a quarter of the adult population (23%) saves through Committees. Contrary to expectations, committees are an urban (38%) phenomenon rather than rural (14%) with nearly equal popularity among men and women (about a quarter each) INFORMAL WAYS OF SAVING USED BY BANKED Even among the banked people, saving at home is very popularamong the banked across urban and rural areas. Same goes for participation in savings committees, which are more popular among the banked urban rather than the banked rural people. Investments in land and livestock are more popular means of saving among the banked rural and among men rather than in urban areas and among women. REASONS FOR SAVING There is a lot of overlap as to the reasons for savings, that is why the circle overlap so much It is clear however that the financially excluded and informal save for more essential things than the banked who save for future retirement/holidays etc. PERCEPTION In thinking about the financial service providers, what come more to peoples mind are the prerequisites for transacting with them rather than their services. The typical service features that consumers seek from commercial banks and other financial service providers have scored low. This reinforces the findings of the focus group discussions regarding weak client service orientation of commercial banks. Peoples perception about security of money at the banks is high which also conforms to an important reason that the banked have stated for having a bank account. As for informal financial service providers, the top perception statements for committees and money lenders relate to no requirement of documentation, and formalities. This is in striking contrast to the perceptions regarding the formal sector providers. Additionally, more people trust the informal sources as compared to the formal financial institutions. As compared to the formal service providers, relatively speaking s atisfaction with the informal service providers is high. FINANCIAL ACCESS FRONTIER The frontier is a tool used to un-pack areas where opportunity exists to bank the un-banked. The analysis is based on reasons for not being banked although some duplication of response is possible, however the tool gives a good indication of where focus of attention should be. FINANCIAL MARKET DEVELOPMENT FRONTIER So finally now, our frontier tool has identified the unserved segment of the population and that is the informally served segment which is now an opportunity. This segment can be divided into two parts: Market Enablement zone Market Development Zone Market enablement zone is that segment which needs refinement in terms of the perception towards banking while market development zone is ready to serve zone, i.e the bank should start working on the products for such sub-segment to cater their needs. Following table would further strengthen my base of identification: MARKET DEVELOPMENT ZONE MARKET ENABLEMENT ZONE MARKET RELOCATION ZONE (Please note that HMB has its internal policy to serve the urban segment largely than the rural areas and therefore the concentration of services to banked the unserved will be urban area) The distinguishing thing about this informal unserved segment is its saving style which is mostly saved at home both in urban and rural area and which does not goes in the banked economy. Secondly, this segment is more dependent on committee based saving method. Interestingly in both the criteria, female segment has marginally taken lead then males. It is therefore suggested that ways should be develop to cater the needs of the female segment while products should be developed to cater the increasing trend of committees. For example a door step collection scheme should be introduced with periodic contribution or commitment program. CONCLUSION Constraints to financial access arise from high levels of poverty, with low awareness of information about financial services as well as gender biasness. Technology can be harnessed to help expand geographical outreach and overcome low literacy levels. Physical access can be increased via new technology solutions such as branchless banking and mobile banking. Simplified financial processes and procedures, client segmentation and product diversification can help lower costs and manage risks better. Summing up the whole data analysis, best formula that comes to ones mind is rapid scaling up of access via technology, literacy gains, and financial re-engineering of processes. Client segmentation is one way that would allow institutions to better tailor products to client needs as well as reduce costs and manage risks more efficiently. Suggestions include: Use of traditional saving arrangements and rotating savings, like for example in Philippines family house-holds were provided with Ganansiva Box to save their daily savings; this was called piggy banking. Smaller size products and bulk service to better attract lower income groups. Literacy should not be a requirement to access financial services. Innovative ways to reach customers such as decentralized operations, transaction at door step, mobile units etc. Lastly, REACHING OUT TO WOMEN due to their abilities to better manage debt, their stronger saving patterns and client loyalty present an untapped profitable clientele base for HMB. Understanding women needs more precisely and reflecting those in the financial products would ensure an increase in womens financial.